Susie Jones
Новости и обновления • 3 мин. чтения

Автономные грузовики: Непростая дорога вперед

Создано: 16.05.2025

Обновлено: 16.05.2025

Автономные грузовики - пугающая идея для некоторых, но, похоже, это будущее логистической отрасли. По мере развития технологий в этом секторе, перспектива получения частично или полностью автономных автомобилей, доставляющих ваши товары, очень высока. По данным правительства Великобритании, это может произойти уже в 2026 году, поскольку в мае 2024 года был принят закон об автоматизированных транспортных средствах (AV).

Однако что произойдет, если автономный грузовик попадет в аварию? Кто несет ответственность? В этом блоге мы расскажем о мире автономных грузовиков, о том, как они могут повлиять на сектор мобильности, кто несет ответственность в случае аварии и что думают водители об этих изменениях.

Каковы различные уровни автоматизации?

Существует шесть уровней автоматизации вождения:

  • Уровень 0 - никакой автоматизации. Все задачи по управлению автомобилем выполняет человек.

  • Уровень 1 - помощь водителю. Автомобиль оснащен одной автоматизированной системой.

  • Уровень 2 - частичная автоматизация. Автомобиль может выполнять рулевое управление и ускорение. Однако человек по-прежнему следит за выполнением всех задач и может в любой момент взять управление на себя.

  • Уровень 3 - условная автоматизация. Автомобиль может выполнять большинство задач по управлению. Однако при этом все равно требуется контроль со стороны человека.

  • Уровень 4 - высокая степень автоматизации. Требуется геозонирование, и автомобиль может выполнять все задачи по управлению при определенных обстоятельствах. Возможно управление человеком.

  • Уровень 5 - полная автоматизация. Автомобиль выполняет все задачи по управлению в любых условиях. Внимания и взаимодействия человека не требуется.

Как работают автономные грузовики?

Датчики, камеры и искусственный интеллект позволяют автономным грузовикам ездить самостоятельно. Усовершенствованные программы принимают решения вместо водителей-людей.

Проблемы, с которыми может столкнуться индустрия

  • Юридические вопросы - Кто несет ответственность за несчастные случаи? Водитель, его работодатель или обслуживающая компания? Об этом мы расскажем ниже.

  • Инфраструктура - наши существующие дороги построены для мира бензиновых двигателей. Поэтому для поддержки парка самоуправляемых автомобилей необходимо модернизировать или заменить инфраструктуру, что потребует денег и значительной политической воли.

  • Сдвиги в обществе - необходимо изменить отношение общества. Перспектива использования автомобилей с искусственным интеллектом многих пугает, поскольку они обеспокоены вопросами безопасности, отслеживания поездок и юридическими проблемами, связанными с дорожно-транспортными происшествиями.

  • Безопасность - система, опирающаяся на цифровые сети, становится более уязвимой для киберугроз.

Что водители грузовиков думают об автономных грузовиках?

Безопасность автономных грузовиков стала горячей темой для обсуждения в отрасли. Многие спорят о том, насколько надежна технология, позволяющая справляться с непредсказуемыми погодными условиями и распознавать препятствия - то, что волнует водителей грузовиков на страницах SNAP в социальных сетях:

"При малейшем дожде мой грузовик теряет все возможности автоматики, AEBS и круиз-контроля. В ближайшее время грузовикам ни за что не разрешат ездить самостоятельно, без водителя".

Это приведет к гибели большего количества людей на дорогах и к увеличению очередей". Только подумайте, насколько надежна электроника в вашем автомобиле стандарта Евро-6. Те же люди делают автономные грузовики".

Юридические аспекты - кто несет ответственность в случае аварии?

В случае аварии ответственность может быть распределена между водителем и производителем. Суд должен определить, была ли авария вызвана технической неисправностью, ненадлежащим обслуживанием или ошибкой водителя.

Ответственность производителя

Производитель несет ответственность в следующих случаях: - Неисправность датчика

  • Сбои в работе программного обеспечения

  • Неадекватные меры кибербезопасности

  • Неадекватное тестирование

Ответственность водителя/парка

Водитель автономного грузовика может нести ответственность за аварию, если он пренебрегает необходимым обслуживанием или ремонтом, требуемым для правильной работы транспортного средства - можно утверждать, что такая ответственность может быть возложена и на руководителей автопарков.

Несмотря на это, среди представителей сектора мобильности все еще сохраняется некоторая путаница. Мы спросили водителей грузовиков на наших [страницах в социальных сетях] (https://www.facebook.com/snapaccount?locale=en_GB), кто, по их мнению, будет нести ответственность в случае аварии с автономным транспортным средством. 51 % водителей считают, что ответственность будет нести водитель, 37 % - производители автоматизированных грузовиков, а 12 % - разработчики программного обеспечения.

Очевидно, что до того, как автономные грузовики станут постоянным явлением на наших дорогах, необходимо внести больше ясности среди представителей отрасли.

Как выглядит будущее?

В своей обновленной кампании TruckPark of the Future компания SNAP рассматривает будущее сектора мобильности. По мере развития технологий автономные транспортные средства будут играть значительную роль в отрасли, а вероятность того, что в ближайшие 120 лет машины заменят все человеческие рабочие места, составляет 50 %.

Однако как они справятся с самыми опасными европейскими трассами?

Управление грузовиком - это не просто сидение за рулем, это еще и навигация по постоянно меняющимся и непредсказуемым дорожным условиям. В связи с этим возникает вопрос, смогут ли автономные грузовики справиться с одними из самых плохих дорог в Европе. В ходе своей последней кампании [Hazardous Highways] (https://snapacc.com/hazardous-highways/) SNAP определила самые опасные дороги Европы, и результаты показали, что наибольшую опасность представляют Болгария, Литва и Чехия.

Можно утверждать, что автономные грузовики столкнутся с трудностями при попытке проехать по некоторым из этих дорог без участия человека. Ограниченная точность GPS, помехи от датчиков и отсутствие единой инфраструктуры могут усложнить ситуацию.

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