
Susie Jones
Autonomous tucks: Untangling the road ahead
Created: 16/05/2025
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Updated: 16/05/2025
Autonomous trucks - a daunting idea for some, but seemingly, the future of the logistics industry. As technology advances within the sector, the prospect of having partially or fully autonomous vehicles delivering your goods is high. In fact, it could be as close as 2026, according to the UK government, as in May 2024, the Automated Vehicles (AV) Act became law.
However, what happens when an autonomous truck gets into an accident? Who is liable? In this blog, we'll delve into the world of autonomy, how it could impact the mobility sector, who is liable when accidents occur, and what drivers think of the change.
What are the different levels of automation?
There are six levels of driving automation:
• Level 0 - No automation. The human performs all driving tasks.
• Level 1 - Driver assistance. The vehicle features a single automated system.
• Level 2 - Partial automation. The vehicle can perform steering and acceleration. However, a human still monitors all tasks and can take control at all times.
• Level 3 - Conditional automation. The vehicle can perform most driving tasks. However, human override is still required.
• Level 4 - High automation. Geofencing is required, and the vehicle can perform all driving tasks under specific circumstances. Human override is an option.
• Level 5 - Full automation. The vehicle performs all driving tasks in all conditions. No human attention or interaction is required.
How do autonomous trucks work?
Sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence enable autonomous trucks to drive independently. Advanced programs make decisions instead of human drivers.
The issues the industry could face
• Legalities - Who is liable when accidents occur? Is it the driver, their employer, or the maintenance company? We delve into this below.
• Infrastructure - Our existing roads are built for a world of petrol engines. Therefore, infrastructure must be upgraded or replaced to support self-driving vehicle fleets, requiring money and a substantial amount of political will.
• Societal shifts - An evolution in public attitudes will need to occur, too. The prospect of AI vehicles is daunting to many, with concerns regarding safety, journey tracking, and the legal grey areas regarding road accidents.
• Security - A system relying on digital networks becomes more vulnerable to cyber threats.
What do truck drivers think of autonomous trucks?
The safety of autonomous trucks has been a hot topic of discussion within the sector, with many debating whether the technology is at a reliable standard to deal with unpredictable weather and recognise obstacles - something that is of concern for truck drivers on SNAP's social media pages:
"In the slightest bit of rain, my truck loses all automatic capabilities, AEBS, and cruise control. There is no way trucks will be allowed to drive themselves without a driver anytime soon."
“This will kill more people on the roads and cause more queues. Just think how reliable your electronics are on your Euro 6 vehicle. The same people are making autonomous trucks.”
Legalities - who is responsible when accidents occur?
In the event of an accident, responsibility may shift between the driver and the manufacturer. The court must determine whether an accident was caused by a technical fault, inadequate maintenance, or driver error.
Manufacturer liability
A manufacturer will become liable in the following instances: • Sensor malfunction
• Software glitches
• Inadequate cybersecurity measures
• Inadequate testing
Driver/fleet liability
A driver of an autonomous truck may be liable for an accident if they neglect the necessary service or maintenance required for the vehicle to operate properly - one could argue that this liability could fall on fleet managers, too.
Despite this, there is still some confusion among those in the mobility sector. We asked truck drivers on our social media pages who they believe would be held liable in the event of an accident with an autonomous vehicle. 51% of drivers thought the driver would be responsible, 37% suggested automated truck manufacturers, and 12% believed software developers.
It's evident that more clarification is needed among those in the sector before autonomous trucks are a permanent fixture on our roads.
What does the future look like?
In their revisited TruckPark of the Future campaign, SNAP looks at the future of the mobility sector. As technology advances, autonomous vehicles will play a significant role in the industry, with a 50% chance that machines could take over all human jobs in the next 120 years.
However, how will they deal with some of Europe's most hazardous highways?
Truck driving is more than just sitting behind the wheel - it's often about navigating ever-changing and unpredictable road conditions. It poses the question of whether autonomous trucks could deal with some of the poorest roads in Europe. From their most recent campaign, Hazardous Highways, SNAP identified Europe's most dangerous roads, with results showing Bulgaria, Lithuania, and Czechia as the most concerning.
One could argue that autonomous trucks will face challenges while trying to navigate some of these roads without human interaction. Limited GPS accuracy, sensor interference, and a lack of consistent infrastructure could complicate things.