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Normativa sobre conducción invernal en el Reino Unido y la UE: Lo que deben saber los operadores de flotas

Creado: 27/10/2025

Actualizado: 27/10/2025

Con la bajada de las temperaturas, las carreteras europeas exigen algo más que habilidad al volante. Exigen preparación, concienciación y cumplimiento de un complejo mosaico de normativas invernales que varían según el país. Para los operadores de flotas que conducen vehículos de mercancías y camiones en el Reino Unido y la UE, comprender estas normas es vital para evitar sanciones, tiempos de inactividad o, peor aún, accidentes causados por una preparación inadecuada.

Este artículo resume los requisitos clave para el invierno -desde los neumáticos y las normas de visibilidad hasta las últimas disposiciones en materia de iluminación, parabrisas y velocidad- y explica cómo las flotas pueden cumplir la normativa y mantenerse seguras dondequiera que les lleve la carretera.

Neumáticos y cadenas

En la mayor parte de Europa, se ha producido un cambio hacia los neumáticos 3PMSF (Three-Peak Mountain Snowflake) como norma reconocida para el rendimiento en invierno. Los vehículos pesados de más de 3,5 toneladas de peso bruto autorizado deben montar estos neumáticos en los ejes motriz y direccional en países como Alemania, Suiza y Suecia.

Aunque los neumáticos 3PMSF proporcionan un agarre fiable en condiciones de frío o nieve moderada, no pueden sustituir legalmente a las cadenas para la nieve cuando así lo exija la ley o la señalización. Para las flotas que operan en terreno montañoso, llevar cadenas de nieve sigue siendo una parte esencial de la preparación para el invierno.

Es importante tener en cuenta que los neumáticos M+S (barro y nieve) se están eliminando progresivamente. En Alemania, los neumáticos M+S fabricados antes del 1 de enero de 2018 se aceptaron hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2024. A partir de octubre de 2024, solo se permitirán neumáticos con el símbolo Alpine (3PMSF) en condiciones invernales. Los neumáticos M+S siguen siendo legalmente aceptados solo como equipamiento transitorio en unos pocos estados del sur o del este.

En Austria, los neumáticos de invierno son obligatorios entre el 1 de noviembre y el 15 de abril, con profundidad mínima de la banda de rodadura de 5 mm (radiales) o 6 mm (de capa cruzada) para los vehículos pesados.

La "ley de montaña" francesa (Loi Montagne II) impone el equipamiento de invierno en las regiones alpinas y pirenaicas del 1 de noviembre al 31 de marzo.

En Italia, es obligatorio llevar neumáticos de invierno o cadenas para la nieve entre el 15 de noviembre y el 15 de abril en las rutas regionales y de montaña señalizadas.

En algunas regiones orientales y balcánicas -como Rumanía y Bosnia-Herzegovina- los vehículos de más de 3,5t deben llevar también una pala y arena para la tracción y la seguridad.

No deje de visitar los sitios web gubernamentales para conocer las últimas normas y reglamentos.

Luces y normas de visibilidad

A partir del 1 de enero de 2025, los nuevos semirremolques y remolques pesados deberán mejorar su visibilidad. Los semirremolques deben estar equipados con iluminación lateral que parpadea en sincronía con los indicadores de dirección para mejorar la visibilidad lateral.

Los vehículos de más de 6 metros de longitud deben llevar marcadores laterales colocados a intervalos adecuados, mientras que los de más de 2,1 metros de anchura deben utilizar iluminación de contorno, es decir, luces de contorno blancas y rojas continuas que trazan la forma del vehículo por la noche para dejar clara su longitud y anchura a los demás usuarios de la carretera.

El alumbrado obligatorio para los vehículos pesados incluye:

● Faros delanteros (luces de cruce y carretera)

● Luces traseras y de freno en ambos lados

● Luces antiniebla traseras

● Reflectores y luces de marcha atrás

● Las luces de circulación diurna son obligatorias en los camiones desde 2012. Las normas de uso varían según el país.

Antes de cada viaje, los conductores deben asegurarse de que todas las luces, reflectores y matrículas estén limpios y sin nieve; no hacerlo puede acarrear multas o puntos de penalización.

Velocidad, manejo y neumáticos con clavos

Los límites de velocidad específicos para el invierno varían en la UE, pero peca siempre de prudente.

● Austria restringe los vehículos con neumáticos de clavos a 80 km/h fuera de las zonas urbanizadas y a 100 km/h en las autopistas, y exige un distintivo visible de "Neumáticos con clavos". Los vehículos de más de 3,5 t no pueden llevar clavos.

● En Alemania, las leyes de "velocidad adecuada" implican que, incluso dentro de los límites señalados, una velocidad excesiva en carreteras heladas puede constituir una infracción según el Reglamento de Circulación alemán.

También pueden aplicarse prohibiciones en función de las condiciones meteorológicas. En varias regiones alpinas y orientales, los camiones pueden ser rechazados en puertos de montaña o puentes expuestos cuando la velocidad del viento supera los 100 km/h, o prohibidos temporalmente en rutas afectadas por hielo negro o riesgo de aludes.

Parabrisas, retrovisores y visión

La visibilidad no es opcional: es un requisito legal. Los conductores deben retirar la nieve y el hielo del parabrisas, los retrovisores, el techo y las luces antes de ponerse en marcha. Algunos países multan a los operadores cuando la nieve o el hielo se deslizan desde los techos al tráfico, con sanciones aplicables en Alemania, Suiza, Austria y otras jurisdicciones.

Para cumplir la normativa, las flotas deben

● Mantener operativos limpiaparabrisas y desempañadores.

● Utilice líquido lavaparabrisas de calidad invernal probado a -20°C.

● Compruebe diariamente los espejos térmicos.

● Asegúrese de que en todas las cabinas haya herramientas para limpiar la nieve (pala, cepillo y gravilla).

UK vs EU

Aunque la legislación británica no exige explícitamente el uso de neumáticos de invierno, los operadores están sujetos a un deber de diligencia en virtud de la Ley de Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo de 1974 y el Reglamento sobre Vehículos de Carretera (Construcción y Uso). La DVSA aconseja que los neumáticos mantengan al menos 1 mm de profundidad en la banda de rodadura para vehículos pesados. No asegurarse de que los neumáticos son adecuados para las condiciones puede dar lugar a una acción de ejecución por funcionamiento inseguro.

Para las flotas que entran en la UE, las obligaciones cambian a las leyes locales de preparación para el invierno en cuanto cruzan la frontera. El incumplimiento de esta normativa puede acarrear la inmovilización del vehículo en carretera, multas o complicaciones con el seguro en caso de accidente.

Prepare su flota para el invierno

Los gestores de flotas deberían utilizar una lista de comprobación de la preparación para el invierno que vaya más allá de los neumáticos:

● Comprobar la normativa de los países por los que viajan los conductores.

● Instale neumáticos con clasificación 3PMSF en los ejes de dirección y tracción.

● Llevar cadenas de nieve homologadas.

● Limpiar y revisar todas las luces, reflectores y arandelas.

● Almacenar botiquines de emergencia de invierno (primeros auxilios, pala, chalecos reflectantes).

● Revisar la planificación de rutas para ventanas de luz diurna más cortas.

● Compruebe diariamente las baterías y las trampas de humedad de los frenos de aire.

● Inspeccione el desgaste de las juntas de las puertas y las escobillas de los limpiaparabrisas.

● Programar cursos de actualización para conductores sobre frenado en tiempo frío, gestión de la velocidad y colocación de cadenas.

La aplicación intruck app de SNAP ofrece acceso a aparcamientos para camiones con reserva, bien iluminados y seguros, algo fundamental para la seguridad nocturna durante las interrupciones invernales. Los conductores pueden localizar las instalaciones con antelación, lo que les garantiza un descanso caliente en línea con los límites de horas de conducción.

Seguridad y cumplimiento de la normativa

En el Reino Unido y la UE, el invierno no sólo trae nieve, sino también una mayor atención al cumplimiento de la normativa. Desde los neumáticos 3PMSF y el transporte de cadenas para la nieve hasta las normas de iluminación, velocidad y visibilidad, las flotas deben estar atentas a las variaciones locales que pueden cambiar dentro de las fronteras o las cadenas montañosas.

Mediante la adopción de controles estructurados de la flota, el seguimiento de las actualizaciones de la Comisión Europea y la DVSA, y el equipamiento de los vehículos para cada condición, los operadores pueden proteger a sus conductores y sus entregas durante lo peor de la temporada.

SNAP trabaja junto a las flotas para facilitar esta tarea, conectando a los conductores con lugares de descanso fiables, aparcamientos seguros y herramientas de cumplimiento que mantienen el transporte en movimiento de forma segura hasta el invierno de 2025. [Más información (https://snapacc.com/fleet-operators/)

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