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Nyheder og opdateringer • 4 min læsning

Lavemissionszoner i Spanien: Hvad flådeoperatører skal vide

Oprettet: 03.10.2025

Opdateret: 08.10.2025

Ved udgangen af 2025 vil 149 spanske byer - fra Madrid og Barcelona til turistbyer som Valencia, Alicante og Benidorm - begrænse adgangen for køretøjer med høje emissioner. For flådeoperatører betyder det nye overholdelsesrisici, dyre opgraderinger og strammere leveringsplaner.

Spaniens lavemissionszoner (Zonas de Bajas Emisiones eller ZBE'er) er en del af en større europæisk indsats for at forbedre luftkvaliteten og reducere transportudledningen. De findes allerede i større byer over hele landet og håndhæves med bøder på op til 200 euro, men reglerne varierer fra by til by.

I denne guide forklarer vi, hvordan ZBE'er fungerer, hvilke køretøjskategorier der påvirkes, og hvad operatørerne skal gøre for at holde deres flåder på vejen.

ZBE-regler og køretøjskategorier

ZBE'er indføres i henhold til spansk lov i byer med mere end [50.000 indbyggere] (https://transporteprofesional.es/noticias-actualidad-transporte-logistica/transporte-de-mercancias/zonas-de-bajas-emisiones-impacto-y-desafios-para-el-transporte-profesional) (og i byer med mere end 20.000 indbyggere med særlig dårlig luftkvalitet) for at forbedre luftkvaliteten i byerne og støtte EU's klimamål.

Adgang til en ZBE bestemmes af et køretøjs miljømærke (distintivo ambiental), som er udstedt af det spanske generaldirektorat for trafik (DGT).

Kategorierne er

Zero (blåt skilt):

Fuld adgang

● 100% elektriske køretøjer (BEV)

Brintbiler med brændselsceller (FCEV)

● Plug-in-hybrider med mindst 40 km elektrisk rækkevidde

Eco (grøn/blå badge):

Generelt ubegrænset adgang

● Standard-hybrider (HEV)

● Plug-in-hybrider med mindre end 40 km elektrisk rækkevidde

Gasdrevne køretøjer (CNG/LNG/LPG)

C (Grønt badge):

Adgang med visse begrænsninger i tid/område

Benzinbiler: Euro 4/5/6 (typisk 2006 og fremefter)

Dieselkøretøjer: Euro 6 (typisk fra 2014 og fremefter)

B (gult skilt):

I stigende grad begrænset, ofte spærret i myldretiden

Benzinbiler: Euro 3 (typisk 2000-2005)

Dieselkøretøjer: Euro 4-5 (typisk 2006-2013)

Ingen badge:

Generelt udelukket fra alle ZBE'er

Benzinbiler under Euro 3-standarder

Dieselkøretøjer under Euro 4-standarder

Benzinbiler under Euro 3 og dieselbiler under Euro 4 er typisk forbudt i ZBE'er, men restriktionerne varierer fra by til by.

Det er vigtigt at bemærke, at udenlandske køretøjer skal registreres hos de lokale byråd, før de kører ind i en ZBE, også selvom de opfylder tilsvarende eurostandarder. Uden registrering kan køretøjer, der overholder reglerne, få automatiske bøder, hvilket er blevet et almindeligt problem for internationale vognmænd, der kører i Spanien.

Områder, der er berørt af ZBE'er

Madrid og Barcelona har haft ZBE'er i flere år med meget specifikke regler og store dækningsområder. Ved udgangen af 2025 vil systemet være udvidet til at dække 149 byer, herunder mindre byer og turistdestinationer som Benidorm, Valencia, Sevilla og Alicante.

Nogle byer er stadig i gang med at implementere eller gradvist håndhæve deres zoner, og der er indført overgangsperioder (f.eks. advarsler indtil slutningen af 2025 i Valencia og Benidorm). Andre, som [Málaga] (https://cadenaser.com/andalucia/2025/09/18/malaga-sancionara-en-la-zona-de-bajas-emisiones-a-partir-del-uno-de-diciembre-ser-malaga/), vil begynde at give bøder til køretøjer, der ikke overholder reglerne, fra december 2025.

Det skal bemærkes, at byer kan have forskellige regler, og at nogle tillader køretøjer, der ikke overholder reglerne, til vigtige tjenester, så det er vigtigt at være opmærksom på en bestemt bys regler, før man sender et køretøj af sted.

Spanien er ikke alene: Mere end 320 byer i hele Europa har nu LEZ'er, med Frankrigs Crit'Air-system, Tysklands Umweltzonen og Storbritanniens ULEZ blandt de mest etablerede. For transportører på tværs af grænserne skaber det et kludetæppe af regler, klistermærker og sanktioner, som øger risikoen og omkostningerne ved at overholde reglerne.

Hvad flådeoperatører skal gøre

Du skal sørge for, at dine køretøjer har det relevante DGT-mærke eller er registreret, hvis de har udenlandske plader.

Bøder for manglende overholdelse fastsættes typisk til [200 euro pr. overtrædelse] (https://www.sertrans.es/zonas-de-bajas-emisiones/), selvom de kan variere fra kommune til kommune. Byer som Madrid og Barcelona er allerede begyndt at udstede disse bøder via automatiske nummerpladegenkendelsessystemer (ANPR).

Problemer for flådechefer

Flådefornyelse og omkostninger

Mange logistikvirksomheder står over for forhindringer, fordi ældre diesellastbiler nu er forbudt eller begrænset i byerne. Faktisk er [gennemsnitsalderen for Spaniens fragtflåde 14 år] (https://www.acea.auto/figure/average-age-of-eu-vehicle-fleet-by-country/). Det betyder, at et stort antal køretøjer ikke er i overensstemmelse med reglerne og skal udskiftes, hvis vognmændene ønsker at komme ind i ZBE'erne.

Køretøjspriserne øger presset: En elektrisk tung lastbil kan koste tre gange mere end en tilsvarende dieselbil, mens brintlastbiler er endnu dyrere.

CETM-Madrid, den spanske sammenslutning af godstransportvirksomheder, anslår, at de samlede udgifter til Madrid-baserede vejgodsfirmaer ligger på omkring 1,3 mia. euro (https://transporteprofesional.es/ultimas-noticias/cetm-madrid-reclama-modificar-el-calendario-de-acceso-a-las-zonas-de-bajas-emisiones-a-los-camiones) og opfordrer til justeringer af tidsfrister og mere støtte.

Tidskompression

Data viser, at ændringerne har indflydelse på leveringsplanerne. En nylig undersøgelse af virksomheder i pilotzoner viste, at [36,7 % rapporterede om længere leveringstider og øgede forsendelsesomkostninger] (https://www.jiem.org/index.php/jiem/article/download/6902/1089).

Trængsel er også almindeligt i begrænsede leveringsvinduer (kl. 8-10), hvor mange operatører konkurrerer om at få adgang. Omkring [83 % af de adspurgte virksomheder] (https://www.jiem.org/index.php/jiem/article/download/6902/1089) nævnte også manglen på passende af- og pålæsningsområder som en væsentlig årsag til forsinkelser.

Denne "tidskompressionseffekt" - hvor leverancerne tvinges ned på færre timer - skaber flaskehalse ved zonegrænserne, hvilket øger sandsynligheden for sene ankomster og forstyrrede forsyningskæder.

Presset på bemandingen

Planlægningsforstyrrelser strækker sig ud over køretøjernes ruteføring til styring af arbejdsstyrken. Barcelonas tilgang til ZBE'er illustrerer udfordringen: Byen tilbyder [to timers natlevering] (https://www.rhenus.group/es/en/rhenus-group/rhenus-in-spain/blog/blog-detail/why-does-barcelona-plan-to-multiply-night-time-deliveries-by-seven-by-2030/) (21:00-07:00) for at reducere trængslen i dagtimerne, men spanske arbejdsaftaler siger, at lønnen for natarbejde har et tillæg på ca. 25 %.

Det stiller flådeoperatørerne over for et svært valg: At acceptere trængsel og forsinkelser i dagtimerne eller at absorbere stigninger i lønomkostningerne ved natkørsel.

De miljømæssige fordele ved at indføre ZBE'er

På trods af udfordringerne giver ZBE'er klare gevinster for folkesundheden. Undersøgelser af den centrale LEZ i Madrid registrerede betydelige reduktioner i nitrogendioxid (NO₂) inden for zonen. Bredere europæisk forskning viser, at udledningen af sod falder med op til 47 % og ultrafine partikler med 56 % efter udrulning af LEZ.

Disse reduktioner omsættes direkte til forbedret luftkvalitet, færre luftvejssygdomme og færre hospitalsindlæggelser. For byboere - og bilister, der tilbringer timer i overbelastet trafik - er de sundhedsmæssige fordele håndgribelige, selvom de er ubelejlige.

Støtte til chauffører og operatører i hele Europa

"Lavemissionszoner er kommet for at blive", siger Raqual Martinez, europæisk salgschef hos SNAP. "Udfordringen for vores samfund er at tilpasse sig uden at gå på kompromis med effektiviteten eller chaufførernes velfærd. Hos SNAP er vi forpligtet til at støtte flåder i Spanien og i hele Europa og hjælpe dem med at omsætte lovændringer til driftsmæssige fordele."

Selv om vi ikke kan ændre LEZ-reglerne, gør vores intruck-app livet på vejen enklere. Chauffører kan bruge den til at finde og booke sikker lastbilparkering og vask, se hvilke faciliteter der er tilgængelige ved hvert stop og planlægge hvilepauser, der passer til strammere leveringsvinduer - uanset om de kører ind i Madrid, kører uden om Barcelona eller krydser grænser på længere ruter.

Download [intruck app] (https://intruckapp.com/download/) i dag for at få en mere gnidningsfri drift på tværs af Spaniens transportlandskab i udvikling.

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