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Desglose de los sistemas de peaje en Europa

Creado: 19/01/2026

Actualizado: 19/01/2026

Para muchas flotas que operan en toda Europa, los peajes se han convertido silenciosamente en uno de los costes más complejos y menos predecibles. Lo que antes era una cuestión relativamente sencilla de tarifas de autopista se ha convertido en un mosaico de sistemas nacionales, tecnologías y modelos de tarificación que ahora reflejan las emisiones, el peso del vehículo, el número de ejes, la geografía e incluso la hora del día.

A medida que nos acercamos a 2026, el peaje ya no es sólo una tasa de infraestructura. Es cada vez más una palanca política, utilizada por los gobiernos para financiar las carreteras, gestionar la congestión y acelerar el cambio hacia un transporte con menos emisiones. Para los operadores de flotas, ese cambio tiene consecuencias financieras reales.

En este artículo se explica cómo funcionan los peajes en Europa, lo que pagan las flotas en la actualidad y los cambios que se avecinan.

Por qué es importante el peaje

Los márgenes del transporte por carretera son estrechos. Los costes de combustible, mano de obra, seguros y cumplimiento de la normativa han aumentado considerablemente en los últimos años. En este contexto, los peajes son cada vez más importantes, sobre todo para los operadores de larga distancia y transfronterizos.

En países como Alemania y Austria, los costes de peaje por kilómetro pueden rivalizar ahora con los del combustible en determinadas rutas. En Europa Central y Oriental, los peajes siguen siendo más bajos, pero el rápido aumento y la expansión de la red están acortando distancias. Al mismo tiempo, la introducción de la tarificación basada en el CO₂ significa que dos vehículos idénticos pueden tener que pagar peajes muy diferentes según su perfil de emisiones.

Para las flotas que operan a escala internacional, los peajes son un factor a tener en cuenta en la planificación de rutas, la adquisición de vehículos y la fijación de precios.

Cómo funcionan los peajes en Europa

No existe un único sistema europeo de peaje. En su lugar, las flotas deben navegar por una mezcla de enfoques nacionales que, a grandes rasgos, se dividen en tres categorías.

Los peajes basados en la distancia cobran a los vehículos por kilómetro recorrido. Actualmente son el modelo dominante para los vehículos pesados y se utilizan en países como Alemania, Austria, Polonia, Hungría y Bélgica.

Las viñetas temporales permiten a los vehículos utilizar la red de carreteras durante un periodo fijo de tiempo, como un día, una semana o un año. Tradicionalmente eran un pase que se mostraba en el parabrisas, pero cada vez son más digitales.

Los sistemas híbridos combinan carreteras de peaje con alternativas libres de peaje. Francia, Italia y España cuentan con modelos en los que el peaje se aplica sólo en determinadas rutas.

En los tres modelos, la Directiva revisada de la UE sobre la Euroviñeta está empujando a los países hacia una tarificación basada en la distancia y vinculada a las emisiones. Esto está reduciendo progresivamente el papel de las viñetas a tanto alzado y aumentando los costes de las flotas de alto kilometraje.

Tecnología de peaje

Desde el punto de vista operativo, el peaje es cada vez más digital. La mayoría de los sistemas basados en la distancia se basan en el seguimiento GNSS o GPS a través de unidades a bordo (OBU), con el apoyo de pórticos en carretera, cabinas de peaje y cámaras de control.

Para las flotas, esto significa una mayor dependencia de la tecnología de a bordo, requisitos de cumplimiento más estrictos y menos tolerancia a los errores administrativos. Los impagos en carreteras de peaje libre (donde no hay cabinas de peaje ni necesidad de detenerse) pueden convertirse rápidamente en multas, sobre todo para los conductores internacionales que no están familiarizados con las normas locales.

Los servicios de peaje interoperables en el marco del Servicio Europeo de Telepeaje (SET) son cada vez más importantes para los operadores transfronterizos. En lugar de equipar los vehículos con unidades a bordo específicas para cada país, las flotas pueden utilizar un único dispositivo homologado para pagar peajes en varias redes europeas. Esto simplifica la administración, reduce los costes de instalación y mantenimiento y disminuye el riesgo de incumplimiento cuando los vehículos se mueven entre diferentes regímenes de peaje.

Desglose por países

Países de alto coste

Alemania tiene uno de los sistemas de peaje más completos de Europa. El LKW-Maut se aplica a todos los camiones de más de 3,5 toneladas en autopistas y carreteras federales. Desde diciembre de 2023, los peajes incluyen una tasa de CO₂, que ha aumentado los costes para los vehículos diésel. Los detalles oficiales los publica Toll Collect.

El GO-Maut austriaco es uno de los más caros por kilómetro de Europa. Un camión articulado Euro VI pagaba alrededor de 0,50 a 0,53 euros por kilómetro en las autopistas en 2025. El sistema incluye componentes de infraestructura, ruido, contaminación atmosférica y CO₂. Los camiones eléctricos se benefician de tarifas más bajas. ASFINAG pone en línea las tablas de tarifas completas

Bélgica aplica un peaje por kilómetro a los camiones en Flandes, Valonia y Bruselas. Las tarifas varían según la región, el peso y la clase Euro, con incrementos anuales. A partir de 2026, los vehículos de emisiones cero dejarán de estar totalmente exentos, pero seguirán pagando tasas de infraestructura reducidas. La información oficial está disponible en Viapass.

Mercados de peaje de coste medio

Francia utiliza un modelo de concesión de autopistas. Los peajes se aplican en las rutas explotadas por empresas privadas y se pagan en las cabinas de peaje o electrónicamente. Los aumentos anuales son modestos y están regulados. La Association des Sociétés Françaises d'Autoroutes publica más información

Italia sigue un enfoque similar basado en concesiones. Los camiones pagan unos 0,10 euros por kilómetro en la red Autostrade. El Gobierno está trabajando para que el peaje sea más dinámico en 2026, con la posibilidad de vincular las tasas a la congestión y las emisiones. Autostrade per l'Italia explica el cálculo de los peajes

El sistema HU-GO de Hungría se aplica a los camiones de más de 3,5 toneladas en autopistas y carreteras principales. Como consecuencia de la alta inflación, las tarifas de peaje han aumentado considerablemente. Las actualizaciones oficiales se publican en hu-go.hu.

Mercados de bajo coste y en transición

El sistema e-TOLL de Polonia cobra por kilómetro utilizando tecnología GNSS (por satélite). Las tarifas subieron en 2025 y volverán a subir en 2026, mientras la red de peaje sigue ampliándose. La plataforma oficial es etoll.gov.pl.

España tiene la particularidad de que muchas de las principales autopistas han pasado a ser gratuitas tras la expiración de las concesiones. Algunas vías de peaje permanecen y los costes varían por kilómetro para los vehículos pesados. La posición del Gobierno español se expone a través del [Ministerio de Transportes] (https://www.transportes.gob.es/movilidad-sostenible/actuaciones-prtr).

Rumanía aplica actualmente un sistema de viñeta para camiones, con un abono de siete días que cuesta alrededor de 71 euros y un abono anual de 1.425 euros para los vehículos más pesados. Esto cambiará en julio de 2026, cuando Rumanía introduzca un sistema de peaje basado en la distancia llamado TollRo. Se espera que las tarifas iniciales sean bajas, pero es probable que suban con el tiempo. Las tarifas actuales de las viñetas pueden consultarse en Internet

Cambios para 2026

Varios acontecimientos hacen de 2026 un año crucial para el peaje europeo.

Los Países Bajos introducirán un peaje para camiones basado en el kilometraje a partir del 1 de julio, en sustitución de la Euroviñeta. Se espera que las tarifas medias ronden los 0,19 euros por kilómetro, con descuentos para los vehículos de bajas emisiones. La información oficial está disponible en www.vrachtwagenheffing.nl.

Como ya se ha dicho, Rumanía pasará de las viñetas a la tarificación basada en la distancia, con lo que se equiparará a los países vecinos.

En toda Europa, la diferenciación basada en el CO₂ se convertirá en norma, con exenciones reducidas y una aplicación más estricta. Los camiones eléctricos seguirán beneficiándose, pero las exenciones totales se están sustituyendo gradualmente por tarifas reducidas en lugar de peajes cero.

Para las flotas, esto significa una mayor exposición a los costes basados en el kilometraje y mayores incentivos para invertir en vehículos más limpios y mejores herramientas de planificación.

Cómo influyen los peajes en el comportamiento de la flota

Los operadores evalúan ahora las rutas para equilibrar los costes de peaje con el consumo de combustible y la duración del trayecto. La inversión en vehículos Euro VI y de emisiones cero se justifica cada vez más no sólo por el ahorro de combustible, sino también por la reducción de los peajes. Además, los recargos de peaje son cada vez más explícitos en los contratos con los clientes y las herramientas digitales de optimización de rutas desempeñan un papel más importante en las operaciones diarias.

Por lo tanto, las flotas necesitan previsiones precisas, datos actualizados de los vehículos y una visibilidad clara de la exposición al peaje por ruta y cliente. Las decisiones de compra de vehículos deben tener en cuenta las clases de peaje junto con la eficiencia del combustible. Los operadores transfronterizos deben dar prioridad a las soluciones de peaje interoperables y asegurarse de que los conductores entienden las normas de pago locales, especialmente en las carreteras de flujo libre.

Y lo que es más importante, los costes de los peajes deben reflejarse de forma transparente en los precios. A medida que los peajes se basen más en las emisiones, las flotas que planifiquen con antelación estarán mejor situadas para proteger sus márgenes y seguir siendo competitivas.

Para las flotas, la cuestión ya no es si aumentarán los peajes, sino lo bien preparadas que están para gestionarlos. En los próximos años, no se tratará solo de la distancia que recorre un vehículo, sino de la limpieza, el lugar y el sistema.

A medida que los peajes se vinculan más estrechamente a las emisiones, el kilometraje y el tipo de vehículo, entender lo que se paga y dónde importa más que nunca. SNAP ayuda a los gestores y operadores de flotas a gestionar los pagos y facilitar a los conductores el acceso a paradas de camiones seguras y bien equipadas. [Regístrese gratis hoy mismo (https://snapacc.com/sign-up/)

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